Year 11 Biology: Mammal as a Consumer 1.5

B. Nutrition

• recognise food as a source of energy, measured in kilojoules.
• recognise the importance of food for growth and repair of tissues.
• list the main food types.
• identify and name the food types that make up carbohydrates.
• describe the structure of cellulose, starch, sucrose, maltose and glucose.
• describe the structure of lipids.
• describe the structure of proteins.
• identify the main components of various foods.
• carry out simple food tests and recognise the positive result for the identification of starch, glucose, lipids and proteins.
• recognise the importance of vitamins and minerals.
• draw graphs from results given.
• research information.
• interpret tables.

C. Digestion

• describe the purpose of digestion.
• describe the structure and function of the generalised digestive system.
• recognise, label, describe functions of the following structural components of the digestive system:
  • buccal cavity (mouth including the structure and function of each different tooth type associated with the different consumer groups): pharynx, salivary glands, oesophagus, sphincters, stomach, duodenum, bile duct, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, ileum, caecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anus
• describe the major processes involved in physical digestion, tooth structure and tooth type.
• describe peristalsis.
• describe the major processes involved in chemical digestion in the different parts of the system.
• describe the main differences in structure between herbivore and carnivore digestive systems.
• describe the action of enzymes.
• identify the enzymes involved in digestion, their substrates and products.
• describe the factors that influence enzyme action.
• describe the roles of the bile, liver and pancreas in digestion.
• describe egestion.
• plan and carry out investigations.
• process, interpret and evaluate data from investigations.
• interpret text, diagrams, tables and graphs.

D. Circulatory System

• identify where digested molecules go.
• describe the function at the liver.
• describe the structure of veins.
• describe the structure and function of the heart.
• describe the structure of arteries and arterioles.
• explain the terms blood pressure, heartbeat and capillaries.
• describe how molecules enter cells.
• describe the structure and function of the lymph system.
• explain why we need circulation.
• describe the functions of blood.
• explain what happens to digested foods.
• describe aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
• explain how mammals breathe.
• describe the respiratory system.
• explain gas exchange in the lungs.
• describe the diffusion of gases.

E. Cells and Respiration

• recognise that the cell is the smallest unit of life.
• describe the structure and function of the following organelles (brief and simple):
  • cell membrane.
  • mitochondria.
• Recognise that cells are made of macromolecules and that these are also composed of repeating units/building blocks:
  • proteins are formed from amino acids.
  • carbohydrates (e.g. starch and cellulose) are formed from simple sugars (e.g. glucose).
  • lipids are formed from fatty acids and glycerol.
  • nucleic acids (e.g. DNA) are formed from nucleotides.
• describe aerobic respiration as a chemical process in mitochondria to release energy.
• describe the importance of respiration to both cell maintenance and to the maintenance and survival of the mammal.
• describe the function of the lung in obtaining oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the blood.